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Technically, South Africa does not currently register medical devices in the way it registers medicines. So what does it actually mean when the SA Health Products Regulatory Authority (Sahpra) announces that a new Covid-19 coronavirus test or ventilator has been authorised?
Unfortunately, the answer is not straight-forward.
Medical devices are a catch-all term that refers to an extensive basket of diverse products used in the medical sector – everything from plasters to diagnostic tests, from wheelchairs to medical software, and ventilators to heart stents.
Historically, medical devices have been under-regulated both in South Africa and globally. This has left the door open for the sale and use of substandard and poorly tested medical devices, often at the expense of patients’ health, or even their lives. The marketing of sub-standard masks to prevent transmission of Covid-19 is a case in point.
According to reporting by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, poorly tested medical implants have contributed to more than 1.7 million injuries and 83 000 deaths in 36 countries (excluding South Africa) over the past decade.
The report, published in 2017, led to a flurry of commitments by health regulators around the world to ramp up testing and monitoring of medical devices – many of which remain unmet.
Regulating establishments rather than devices
South Africa does not currently require the registration of medical devices prior to their sale in the country, as it does for medicines. However, as of March 2020, all establishments manufacturing, distributing and marketing medical devices must be licenced by Saphra.
This is because such establishments have been “called-up” – which essentially means that they are now subject to a full set of regulatory rules. By contrast, medical devices have not been called up, although, as we will see, they are being regulated in other round-about ways.
Brian Goemans, an independent regulatory consultant, explains that before the new regulations came into force, “anyone could make a hip implant in their garage with no oversight that could be inserted into someone’s body”. But regulating establishments is obviously just part of the solution. As Goemans notes, besides ensuring that establishments uphold quality standards, Sahpra must also call-up medical devices for registration to ensure their safety, efficacy and quality.
But these things take time. Sahpra published the call-up notice requiring medical device establishments to apply for a medical device establishment licence back in February 2017. However, upon publication of that call-up notice, Sahpra found itself inundated with more applications than it could process.
To avoid disrupting access to medical devices in the country, Sahpra set up transitional arrangements allowing companies to continue to market medical devices as long as they had an acknowledgement letter from the regulator demonstrating that they had applied for an establishment licence.
The transitional period has now expired and all medical device establishments operating in the country are now required to hold a Sahpra licence. (Establishments marketing class A devices that are non-sterile and do not have a measuring function are exempt from licencing requirements.
Sahpra classifies medical devices as class A, class B, class C or class D, with class A posing the least risk to patients and users and class D posing the highest risk).
What is a medical device establishment licence?
According to a list of licenced medical device establishments available on Sahpra’s website, 1 392 medical device establishments have been licenced by Sahpra as of June 2020. The regulatory authority provides three types of medical device establishment licences: to manufacture medical devices, to distribute (import) medical devices and to wholesale medical devices. If companies both manufacture and wholesale medical devices, they must apply for both types of licences.
Sahpra requires companies applying for medical devices establishment licences to provide a host of data on the company and the medical devices it will market. Companies must show that they have proper quality management systems in place to safely manufacture or handle medical devices and ensure their quality.
Companies marketing medical devices requiring a cold chain must demonstrate to Sahpra that they have this capacity in place. Companies marketing sterile equipment must show how they ensure that products are and remain sterile until use.
The internationally accepted quality standard for medical device establishments is called ISO 13485. While Sahpra requires companies to provide details of their quality management systems, it has provided a grace period to companies applying for medical device establishment licences to certify that ISO 13485 standards have been met.
Sahpra spokesperson Yuven Gounden informed Spotlight that: “Sahpra licence holders will [only] be required to provide evidence of ISO 13485 certification upon application for renewal of the Sahpra licence”. Adding that “licences are valid for five years”.
A major barrier for companies seeking to gain ISO 13485 certification is the dearth of companies and groups accredited by the SA National Accreditation System (Sanas) to provide this certification.
Regulatory consultant, Simone Rudolph-Shortt, however, notes that putting off verification of ISO 13485 compliance has “allowed companies without experience, a medical products regulatory compliance approach and required quality systems and processes into the market”.
Sahpra’s plans to call up medical devices for registration
In addition to ensuring that establishments have proper quality management systems in place, Sahpra is also responsible for ensuring that the actual medical devices marketed in the country are safe, effective and of good quality.
When Sahpra registers medical devices, it will have to call-up certain products or product classes for registration through publishing a call-up notice in the Government Gazette. Such call-ups for most categories of medicines have been published decades ago.
A draft call-up plan available on Sahpra’s website provides detail of what this process may look like. It explains that Sahpra will use a risk-based approach in calling up medical devices for registration that prioritises the registration of more risky products and products important for public health. Product call-ups will cover medical devices already sold in South Africa, as well as new medical devices being brought into the market.
Quasi-registration in the absence a product call-up
In the absence of medical device registration, Sahpra has set up several quasi-registration requirements to enable oversight and control of medical devices used in South Africa as part of its medical device establishment licencing processes.
Sahpra has gone even further for medical devices used for Covid-19 (tests, personal protective equipment, ventilators), using Section 21 authorisations as a way to control the introduction and use of Covid-19 medical devices in South Africa.
As part of the previously mentioned medical device establishment licencing process, companies must supply Sahpra with a list of medical devices that they will manufacture, distribute and/or wholesale in the country. Each time licenced companies bring a new product to market, they must apply for an amended licence.
Besides listing each medical device that will be marketed, companies must also provide evidence of the safety, efficacy and quality of certain products as part of their establishment licence application.
Elsabé Klinck, a specialist in regulatory and health law, explains that “the initial purpose of the list was to provide Sahpra with insight into what medical devices were on the market and what regulatory expertise would be needed for the call-up of these products”. She argues, however, that the list has been misused and is now being used by Sahpra to quasi-regulate medical devices in the absence of legally required product call-ups.
For products classified as medium to high risk, licence applicants must provide proof of pre-authorisation or registration in Australia, Brazil, Canada, the European Union, Japan, the US or alternatively of pre-qualification by the World Health Organisation as part of their establishment licencing applications.
Read | Marketing of disinfection booths continues despite criticism from WHO and scientists
Andrea Julsing-Keyter, senior manager of Medical Devices at Sahpra explained in a Wesgro webinar on August 12, that “Sahpra’s regulatory model is definitely one of reliance, so what we always say is especially for class C and D, our high risk products, we do require you to provide evidence that those particular devices are registered in the six jurisdictions that we recognise”. (Reliance refers to “relying” on registration or authorisation in other countries.)
When medical devices are eventually called-up, the use of such reliance pathways by Sahpra will provide critical pathways for domestic registration of medical devices as it is unlikely that Sahpra – or any local entity – will ever have the capacity to properly test the vast, diverse array of medical devices on the market.
However, the lack of local processes to test and certify products may disadvantage local companies who need to have their products registered overseas to sell them in South Africa.
Goemans says that “Sahpra at this stage is an administrative function and has no capacity to test devices” adding that “local companies have to go offshore to get authorisation to bring products to market using Sahpra’s reliance model”.
New pathways for IVD registration and separate standards for serology tests
While there are currently no approved pathways for testing and certifying the safety, efficacy and quality of medical devices in South Africa, the Covid-19 response has opened up new potential pathways for testing and validation of in vitro diagnostics (IVDs), and serology (antibody) tests in particular.
During the Wesgro webinar, Julsing-Keyter noted that “for all serology test kits we are not applying a reliance model”.
“We are doing an in-country evaluation before we allow listing.” She said that South Africa could not rely on recall processes after allowing unvalidated serology tests into the market, as done in the United States, or on self-declarations, as used in Europe.
All serology and molecular diagnostic tests must undergo testing by the National Health Laboratory Service to ensure they meet specifications set by Sahpra before entering the market.
Several industry members who spoke to Spotlight off-the-record due to fears that criticising the regulatory body would harm their or their clients’ licencing applications, noted frustrations with Sahpra’s processes for authorising Covid-19 tests.
Read | Covid-19: First antibody test gets green light in SA, but use will be limited
Industry members protested that they could not import samples and/or stock to screen and test products prior to applying for and receiving a Sahpra licence. They also said that Sahpra guidance had come late in the pandemic and was often changing.
Industry members also expressed concerns regarding a lack of transparency and communication from the regulator on why some diagnostic products were authorised (via Section 21), while others were rejected or appeared stalled in the regulatory process.
While Sahpra’s decision to locally validate all Covid-19 test kits and its caution in authorising the tests has been met with criticism by some, experience gained by the regulator in validating and authorising Covid-19 tests may open up a new pathway for local testing and validation of IVDs following their call-up for registration.
Section 21 and Covid-19
In the absence of medical device registration processes in South Africa, Sahpra has embraced Section 21 authorisations to control the introduction and marketing of medical devices used for Covid-19.
To date, Sahpra has issued multiple Section 21 authorisations for the importation and/or marketing of unregistered molecular and serology tests and ventilators in South Africa.
A Section 21 authorisation is a legal mechanism by which Sahpra gives permission for the importation and/or sale of an unregistered health product into the country on specified grounds. It does not typically require the same level of evidence of quality, safety and efficacy as full registration (legally full registration is only possible after a call-up).
Several industry members who spoke to Spotlight criticised the use of Section 21 authorisations for Covid-19 medical devices.
Regulatory expert, Mark Banfield, says that “application of Section 21 is only appropriate for registrable products”. “By using Section 21 for medical devices, Sahpra indicates that it has effectively done a call-up without having fulfilled the legal requirements of doing so.”
Klinck added that “in 2017 Sahpra issued a resolution that no medical device requires a Section 21 because none have been called up for registration”. “This remains in place until it is revoked.”
Sahpra, however, contends that the law provides for the use of Section 21 authorisations for Covid-19 medical devices noting that “in terms of Regulation 28(3) Transitional arrangements regarding unregistered medical devices and IVDs, Sahpra may require a medical device or IVD to comply with the requirements that Sahpra may determine to ensure that the medical device or IVD meets the Essential Principles of Safety and Performance, as determined by Sahpra”.
Using Section 21 to oversee the safety, quality and efficacy of Covid-19 medical devices, while side-stepping a product call-up has also enabled Sahpra to respond fairly quickly to the proliferation of medical devices entering the market for Covid-19 without undergoing the time-consuming processes of stakeholder consultation required for a product call-up.
Gounden explained that: “Sahpra cannot call up medical devices and IVDs without publishing the updated regulations for medical devices and IVDs, the fee schedule, the call-up plan and the relevant guidelines”. “These documents also require a comment period to be observed prior to publication for implementation.”
PPE and corruption
Despite Sahpra’s efforts to increase regulatory control of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the Covid-19 pandemic, including providing explicit guidance on which types of PPE can only be imported, distributed or sold by medical device establishments holders and designating certain hand sanitisers as medicines, unregulated products have flooded the market and received tenders worth millions of rands.
Julsing-Keyter noted during the Wesgro webinar that “we have had quite a few issues of very poor quality masks going out there claiming to be N95 or KN95 and high filtration, then the quality is exceptionally poor”.
Julsing-Keyter implored stakeholders to report the sale of unlicenced and substandard medical devices to Sahpra, adding that “we are geared up to investigate those and recall whatever we need to”.
Multiple stakeholders, however, noted frustration with what they saw as inadequate enforcement of licencing requirements by Sahpra which disadvantaged companies playing by the rules.
One stakeholder suggested that Sahpra go after the department of health for its contravention of the Medicines Act in procuring PPE from unlicenced establishments, and customs for letting them into the country.
In addition, National Treasury appears to have effectively undermined Sahpra’s requirements in its Note 5 of 2020, which made no mention of either Sahpra or required establishment licencing in its prescribed emergency procurement procedures for Covid-19 PPE.
National Treasury did not respond to requests for clarification on the note, or how tender processes may enforce or undermine Sahpra’s licencing requirements.
*This article was produced by Spotlight – health journalism in the public interest.
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