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- The world's biggest carnival in Rio, ends every year with thousands of costumes discarded on the ground.
- However smaller samba schools, connoisseurs and opportunists have found a way to give thrown-out costumes second lives.
- Although Rio's samba schools recover and recycle, resell or donate some of their costumes, many end up in the trash.
- For climate change news and analysis, go to News24 Climate Future.
Holding a dazzling jewel-encrusted crown decorated with green and orange feathers, Brazilian art teacher Regina Coeli places it on her head, making sure the fit is just right for her upcoming carnival parade.
She won't however be marching in the streets of Rio de Janeiro - where her sparkling crown was created, worn once and then thrown away.
Each year, Coeli and other members of her samba school in the small town of Capim Branco rescue piles of discarded costumes from Rio's world-famous carnival.
Small armies of seamstresses at Rio's top samba schools spend months making the giant, glittering, sequin-studded costumes that are the trademark of the city's carnival parade competition.
But the world's biggest carnival ends every year with thousands of those costumes discarded on the ground, too unwieldy to fit inside the packed cars, buses, subways, trains and planes taking their owners home.
In the absence of an official recycling programme, the finish line at the iconic beach city's "Sambadrome" parade venue becomes a free-for-all for connoisseurs, opportunists and smaller samba schools looking to give the thrown-out costumes second lives.
Coeli's samba school travels around 500 kilometers from Capim Branco, population 10 000, to the "mecca" of carnival, rescuing cast-off costumes and decorations.
The school was among the first to start recycling the costumes when members began driving a pickup truck to Rio a decade ago, says its president, retired teacher Maria Lucia de Souza.
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Their method is simple: they spread a tarp on the ground and put up a sign saying, "The Capim Branco samba school thanks you for your donation."
Souza says they particularly target foreign tourists, who pay prices of around $500 to participate in the parades, but struggle to transport their voluminous costumes home.
Her group reuses everything.
"Some of the costumes are still in one piece. For others, we take the cloth, pull off the jewels and use the materials to make new outfits," says Souza, 75, in a bustling shed-turned-workshop at her house.
Like Rio, Capim Branco will celebrate carnival Sunday and Monday. Unlike Rio, its parade will have around 150 participants - compared to 30 000 at the Sambadrome.
Around 80% of the material is recycled from Rio.
Coeli, 59, beams as she tries on her crown and cape.
"Everything is made so painstakingly," she says.
"It looks sensational."
'Priceless'
The school's workshop is covered in dazzling costumes: a sumptuous silver mask decorated with real feathers, a flowing pink gown with sparkling accoutrements.
"To us, these costumes are priceless. To the environment, too, because we use them and reuse them," says Souza.
"The first year we went to the Sambadrome, we saw a garbage truck actually crushing the costumes directly."
Although Rio's samba schools recover and recycle, resell or donate some of their costumes, many end up in the trash, part of around 1 000 tons of carnival garbage each year.
The waste total rises to around 3 500 tons when other cities with large carnival celebrations are included, according to the Retornar Foundation, which is calling to cut down on plastic at carnival and reuse costumes and materials.
Just 4% of solid waste is recycled in Brazil, it says.
In Rio, organisers are making an effort to limit waste: this year, they launched a trailblazing recycling operation, with the goal of turning carnival into "one of the biggest zero-waste events on the planet."
